American Civil War Turning Points Battle of Gettysburg

Following his stunning victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Gen. Robert E. Lee decided to attempt a second invasion of the North. He felt such a move would disrupt the Union Armys plans for the summer campaign, would allow his army to live off the rich farms of Pennsylvania, and would aid in reducing pressure on the Confederate garrison at Vicksburg, MS. In the wake of Lt. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jacksons death, Lee reorganized his army into three corps commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, Lt. Gen. Richard Ewell, and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. On June 3, 1863, Lee quietly began moving his forces away from Fredericksburg, VA. Gettysburg: Brandy Station Hookers Pursuit On June 9, Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton surprised Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry corps near Brandy Station, VA. In the largest cavalry battle of the war, Pleasantons men fought the Confederates to a standstill, showing that they were finally the equals of their Southern counterparts. Following Brandy Station and reports of Lees march north, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, commanding the Army of the Potomac, began moving in pursuit. Staying between the Confederates and Washington, Hooker pressed north as Lees men entered Pennsylvania. As both armies advanced, Stuart was given permission to take his cavalry on a ride around the eastern flank of the Union army. This raid deprived Lee of his scouting forces through the first two days of the upcoming battle. On June 28, after an argument with Lincoln, Hooker was relieved and replaced by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. A Pennsylvanian, Meade continued moving the army north to intercept Lee. Gettysburg: The Armies Approach On June 29, with his army strung out in an arc from the Susquehanna to Chambersburg, Lee ordered his troops to concentrate at Cashtown, PA after hearing reports that Meade had crossed the Potomac. The next day, Confederate Brig. Gen. James Pettigrew observed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford entering the town of Gettysburg to the southeast. He reported this to his division and corps commanders, Maj. Gen. Harry Heth and A.P. Hill, and, despite Lees orders to avoid a major engagement until the army was concentrated, the three planned a reconnaissance in force for the next day. Gettysburg: First Day - McPhersons Ridge Upon arriving in Gettysburg, Buford realized that the high ground south of the town would be critical in any battle fought in the area. Knowing that any combat involving his division would be a delaying action, he posted his troopers on the low ridges north and northwest of town with the goal of buying time for the army to come up and occupy the heights. On the morning of July 1, Heths division advanced down the Cashtown Pike and encountered Bufords men around 7:30. Over the next two and half hours, Heth slowly pushed the cavalrymen back to McPhersons Ridge. At 10:20, the lead elements of the Maj. Gen. John Reynolds I Corps arrived to reinforce Buford. Shortly thereafter, while directing his troops, Reynolds was shot and killed. Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday assumed command and the I Corps repulsed Heths attacks and inflicted heavy casualties. Gettysburg: First Day - XI Corps the Union Collapse While fighting was raging northwest of Gettysburg, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howards Union XI Corps was deploying north of town. Composed largely of German immigrants, the XI Corps had recently been routed at Chancellorsville. Covering a broad front, the XI Corps came under attack by Ewells corps advancing south from Carlisle, PA. Quickly flanked, the XI Corps line began to crumble, with the troops racing back through town towards Cemetery Hill. This retreat forced the I Corps, which was outnumbered and executing a fighting withdrawal to quicken its pace. As fighting ended on the first day, Union troops had fallen back and established a new line centered on Cemetery Hill and running south down Cemetery Ridge and east to Culps Hill. The Confederates occupied Seminary Ridge, opposite Cemetery Ridge, and the town of Gettysburg. Gettysburg: Second Day - Plans During the night, Meade arrived with the majority of the Army of the Potomac. After reinforcing the existing line, Meade extended it south along the ridge for two miles terminating at the base of a hill known as Little Round Top. Lees plan for the second day was for Longstreets corps to move south and attack and flank the Union left. This was to be supported by demonstrations against Cemetery and Culps Hills. Lacking cavalry to scout the battlefield, Lee was unaware that Meade had extended his line south and that Longstreet would be attacking into Union troops rather than marching around their flank. Gettysburg: Second Day - Longstreet Attacks Longstreets corps did not begin their attack until 4:00 PM, due to the need to countermarch north after being sighted by a Union signal station. Facing him was the Union III Corps commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles. Unhappy with his position on Cemetery Ridge, Sickles had advanced his men, without orders, to slightly higher ground near a peach orchard approximately half a mile from the main Union line with his left anchored on a rocky area in front of Little Round Top known as Devils Den. As Longstreets attack slammed into the III Corps, Meade was forced to send the entire V Corps, most of the XII Corps, and elements of the VI and II Corps to rescue the situation. Driving the Union troops back, bloody fights occurred in the Wheat Field and in the Valley of Death, before the front stabilized along Cemetery Ridge. At the extreme end of the Union left, the 20th Maine, under Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, successfully defended the heights of Little Round Top along with the other regiments of Col. Strong Vincents brigade. Through the evening, fighting continued near Cemetery Hill and around Culps Hill. Gettysburg: Third Day - Lees Plan After nearly achieving success on July 2, Lee decided to employ a similar plan on the 3rd, with Longstreet attacking the Union left and Ewell on the right. This plan was quickly disrupted when troops from the XII Corps attacked Confederate positions around Culps Hill at dawn. Lee then decided to focus the days action on the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. For the attack, Lee selected Longstreet for command and assigned him  Maj. Gen. George Picketts division from his own corps and six brigades from Hills corps. Gettysburg: Third Day - Longstreets Assault a.k.a. Picketts Charge At 1:00 PM, all the Confederate artillery that could be brought to bear opened fire on the Union position along Cemetery Ridge. After waiting approximately fifteen minutes to conserve ammunition, eighty Union guns replied. Despite being one of the largest cannonades of the war, little damage was inflicted. Around 3:00, Longstreet, who had little confidence in the plan, gave the signal and 12,500 soldiers advanced across the open three-quarter mile gap between the ridges. Pounded by artillery as they marched, the Confederate troops were bloodily repulsed by the Union soldiers on the ridge, suffering over 50% casualties. Only one breakthrough was achieved, and it was quickly contained by Union reserves. Gettysburg: Aftermath Following the repulse of Longstreets Assault, both armies stayed in place, with Lee forming a defensive position against an anticipated Union attack. On July 5, in heavy rain, Lee began the retreat back to Virginia. Meade, despite pleas from Lincoln for speed, slowly followed and was unable to trap Lee before he crossed the Potomac. The Battle of Gettysburg turned the tide in the East in favor of the Union. Never again would Lee pursue offensive operations, instead solely focusing on defending Richmond. The battle was the bloodiest ever fought in North America with the Union suffering 23,055 casualties (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured/missing) and the Confederates 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured/missing). Vicksburg: Grants Campaign Plan After spending the winter of 1863 seeking a way to bypass Vicksburg with no success,  Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant  devised a bold plan for capturing the Confederate fortress. Grant proposed to move down the west bank of the Mississippi, then cut loose from his supply lines by crossing the river and attacking the city from the south and east. This risky move was to be supported by gunboats commanded by  RAdm. David D. Porter, which would run downstream past the Vicksburg batteries prior to Grant crossing the river. Vicksburg: Moving South On the night of April 16, Porter led seven ironclads and three  transports  downstream towards Vicksburg. Despite alerting the Confederates, he was able to pass the batteries with little damage. Six days later, Porter ran six more ships loaded with supplies past Vicksburg. With a naval force established below the town, Grant began his march south. After feinting towards Snyders Bluff, the 44,000 men of his army crossed the Mississippi at Bruinsburg on the 30th. Moving northeast, Grant sought to cut the rail lines to Vicksburg before turning on the town itself. Vicksburg: Fighting Across Mississippi Brushing aside a small Confederate force at Port Gibson on May 1, Grant pressed on toward Raymond, MS. Opposing him were elements of  Lt. Gen. John C. Pembertons Confederate army which attempted to make a  stand near  Raymond,  but were defeated on the 12th. This victory allowed Union troops to sever the Southern Railroad, isolating Vicksburg. With the situation collapsing,  Gen. Joseph Johnston  was dispatched to take command of all Confederate troops in Mississippi. Arriving in Jackson, he found he lacked the men to defend to  city  and fell back in the face of the Union advance. Northern troops entered the city on May 14 and destroyed everything of military value. With Vicksburg cut off, Grant turned west toward Pembertons retreating army. On May 16, Pemberton assumed a defensive position near  Champion Hill  twenty miles east of Vicksburg. Attacking with  Maj. Gen. John McClernands and  Maj. Gen. James McPhersons corps, Grant was able  break  Pembertons line causing him to retreat to the Big Black River. The following day, Grant dislodged Pemberton from this position forcing him to fall back the defenses at Vicksburg. Vicksburg: Assaults Siege Arriving on Pembertons heels and wishing to avoid a siege, Grant assaulted Vicksburg on May 19 and again on May 22 with no success. As Grant prepared to lay siege to the town, Pemberton received orders from Johnston to abandon the city and save the 30,000 men of his command. Not believing he could safely escape, Pemberton dug in hoping that Johnston would be able to attack and relieve the town. Grant swiftly invested Vicksburg and began the process of starving out the Confederate garrison. As Pembertons troops began to fall to disease and hunger, Grants army grew larger as fresh troops arrived and his supply lines were reopened. With the situation in Vicksburg deteriorating, the defenders began to openly wonder about the whereabouts of Johnstons forces. The Confederate commander was in Jackson trying to assemble troops to attack Grants rear. On June 25, Union troops detonated a mine under part of the Confederate lines, but the follow-up assault failed to breach the defenses. By the end of June, over half of Pembertons men were ill or in the hospital. Feeling that Vicksburg was doomed, Pemberton contacted Grant on July 3 and requested terms for surrender. After initially demanding an unconditional surrender, Grant relented and allowed the Confederate troops to be paroled. The following day, the 4th of July, Pemberton turned the town over to Grant, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. Combined with the victory at Gettysburg the day before, the fall of Vicksburg signaled the ascendancy of the Union and the decline of the Confederacy.

Gambling and Taking Risks in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest

Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest operates as an entertaining and interesting novel on a pure surface level. There’s a good story, well-developed characters and fresh language. It has all the workings of a good novel, but One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest isn’t just a good novel. It’s a great one, because Kesey uses Chief Bromden’s perspective to let imagery flow out of the novel and have it all come back to one theme: individuality and its repression by society. This idea is highlighted by the image of gambling vs. playing it safe, whether in literal card games or as a way of living. The mental ward’s new patient, Randle Patrick McMurphy, is a self-described â€Å"gambling fool† (12)1, while his opposer, â€Å"Big Nurse† Ratched,†¦show more content†¦As the seeds of McMurphy’s influence are being planted, the men on the ward still won’t take any gambles or let loose and have fun (with the exception of McMurphy’s casino), choosing to stay with the mechanical and manufactured routine. As the Acutes begin to gamble more on the ward, the doctor proposes using the old tub room as â€Å"...a sort of second day room, a game room† (111), which is a gamble in itself for the doctor, because he knows the nurse will shoot it down. With the help of some forward thinking from the doctor the idea is approved, and the patients begin gambling on more games, even betting on Monopoly at one point and the World Series. To watch the games, McMurphy proposes at a group meeting that the television time on the ward be changed and it’s put to a vote that the other men are too cagey to actually participate in for cynicism that the Nurse will cheat and get her way. Pissed off at the Acutes, McMurphy bets that he can lift a large control panel in the tub room. They all bet more than they usually do, because they know that McMurphy can’t possibly lift t he control panel, and when McMurphy inevitably fails, he give all the Acutes the accumulated IOUs back and says, â€Å"But I tried, though...Goddammit, I sure as hell did that much, didn’t I?† (125). McMurphy establishes the mainShow MoreRelatedOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2680 Words   |  11 Pages One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Marissa Sobetski University of Michigan-Dearborn Abstract It is fairly often in pop culture that some form of entertainment focuses on some presentation of psychopathology; whether it is a novel, short story, pop-psychology book, or other media, such as film. The public seems to be fascinated by the â€Å"crazies† and their treatment. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, is one such film, this 1975 classic focuses on a character named Randle P. McMurphyRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2448 Words   |  10 PagesSearching for an archetype, or an example, when trying something for either the first time or something that is daunting is a common train of thought for a person. This same idea can apply to Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in which the protagonist essentially becomes an embodiment of a hero. This piece of literature takes place in the 1960’s, and is presented through the vision of Chief Bromden, a patient that is stuck within an figment of imagination where those who fa ll to the mechanicalRead MoreAddiction Psychology4561 Words   |  19 Pages ADDICTION REVISION Biological Models of Addiction MODEL ONE: GENETICS McGue (1999) found that genes contribute to the development of alcohol dependence, with heritability estimates from 50-60% for both men and women. Noble et al (1991) found that the A1 variant of the DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor) was present in more than 2/3 of deceased alcoholics. Those with the A1 variant appear to have fewer dopamine receptors; they then turn to drugs and alcohol to increase their dopamine levels – compensating

Individual And Corporate Decisions To Adopt Social Media

Question: How can Social Media such as LickedIn, Facebook and twitter be used to improve knowledge sharing, build social capital, support innovation and aid problem solving in a multinational corporation. ? Discuss the associated risks and benefits for this context.? Answer: Introduction: The essay provides a deep insight into the concept of social media and its usage by almost all multinational companies in the current century. It reflects upon the facts how some of the social media like Facebook, Linkdin, and Twitter may be used to enhance knowledge sharing , building social capital, supporting innovation, and also solving key challenging issues within the environment of multinational organizations. Communication has been the buzzword in the todays world of business (Beier and Wagner). It is considered to be the most essential and important requisite for any organization that aims to sustainably flourish in the competitive environment. However, this concept of communication depends greatly upon the shared language which is a prerequisite and may not be existent within several international business or political situations. This is in fact realized when various conflicts or issues initiate. Nowadays, several multinational companies push themselves in the arena of soc ial media. Concept of Social Media: Blogging, tweeting and that of connecting through Facebook or Linkedin have become the most widely used terms within the social media world. These have become an important part of business strategies even. Firms like Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter, and YouTube have enabled the writing of new set of rules regarding how corporations must conduct business at the present century (Fang and Su). The concept of social media has been changing our traditional working lives, thereby providing employers as well as employees with increased flexibilities and also the capability of responding quickly and often in real time. However, the very question that comes to our mind is whether this concept of social networking is all good for multinational corporations and business firms. Several companies have even started to take a closer look at the benefits as well as risks associated with social networking in business environment. Both benefits and risks are studied and analyzed to have a proper understan ding of the role of social networking in multinational corporations. Significance of Social Media: Several multinational companies like that of Nike, British Petroleum, Walmart, and IBM are significant actors upon the landscape of global business. These firms have been increasingly contributing towards the trend of production as well as consumption on a global platform. These firms have been on an attempt to create an effective as well as systematic channel whereby they may personalize their brands as well as operations towards global customers. The utilization of different social networking sites like that of Facebook, Twitter or Myspace have become the very usual practice norm (Gaff). All sites of social networking have become an extremely powerful force to shape up public opinion virtually upon every commercial aspect. This approach amplifies word-of-mouth marketing and getting increasingly essential in making purchasing decisions by consumers. This may prove to be more effective than the approach of advertising and considered to be a highly reliable information source. Markete rs have least control over positioning as well as messaging since customers provide most of the content by themselves. Social networking medium happens to be a viable region for firms for conducting market campaigns, management of customer relationship, and also to impact own branding efforts through eWOM. Accounts of social network impact upon brand awareness as well as brand image. To manage brand perception within the social network environment must be a part of an entire market strategy as well as to maintain a steady presence upon the channels must be a part of organizational branding campaign('ISACA Identifies Top Five Social Media Risks For Business'). Such accounts of social networking support monitoring brand communal discussions as well as feeding customers with information. People tend to express better through social networks. Portions of positive review can act as an important part of commercial marketing by multinational corporations. This reflects that such reviews ma y be used up by corporations as customer feedback regarding products as well as features which are received well by customers. Product quality impacted positively upon generating positive eWOM. Thus, multinational companies can generate brand awareness without big displays of marketing or advertising. Online customers tend to review information and this may be highly useful to identify customer preferences, identifying product defects, and also rectifying mistakes of marketers. Social networking sites may be utilized for providing information as well as attracting potential customers to several online media. Multinational companies may receive real-time customer feedback by creating online corporate accounts (Jennex). Benefits of Social Media: Knowledge Sharing Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, etc have excessive contribution in the field of knowledge sharing, creating social capital, supporting innovation and also solving key problems within multinational corporations. The concept of knowledge sharing has received a new outlook and form with the emergence of social networking media. Previously, organizational management had to put on really great efforts in sharing essential information about their brands to the desired customers and target segments. However, with the emergence of social media like Facebook, Twitter and Linkedin, the task has become much easier. Knowledge sharing has become easier than ever before. Corporate accounts, websites, and social sites in various social media have allowed companies to provide as much information possible to be deliverd to the customers so as to gain their trust and reliability (Kohlbacher). This would earn the corporations several loyal customers to enable enhancement of productiveness and e ffectiveness on the part of the organizations. Thus, social media has been greatly contributing towards knowledge sharing among customers and other shareholders within the competitive business environment. Social Capital Social capital refers to the increased number of customers who feel attracted towards online customer relation management. It means the approach that is used by multinational corporations to draw more and more customers towards their personal brands to increase their sales, revenues and overall profitability of the firms(Cyr). Social capital is considered to be the most essential asset for an organization as this is related to organizational brand awareness as well as recognition. Social capital is important for developing effective customer relationship management to attract the largest possible customers towards multinational corporation brands(Krreman). These firms have been on an attempt to create an effective as well as systematic channel whereby they may personalize their brands as well as operations towards global customers. Social networking medium happens to be a viable region for firms for conducting market campaigns, management of customer relationship, and also to impact own branding efforts through eWOM. Accounts of social networking impact upon brand awareness as well as brand image(Ligeti et al.). The concept of social media has undoubtedly contributed towards multinational market strategies of the current century along with unique approaches in acquiring increased information regarding organizational products as well as enhancing sales as well as revenues. Thus, it may be observed further that social media plays important role in building of relationship management with customers. Supporting Innovation To mention about benefits of social networking media, it is important to focus upon the emphasis upon innovation of multinational corporations. The age old techniques of advertising, branding and marketing of products or services by organizations have been replaced by the modern tools of social media. Earlier, organizations used to implement manual techniques and approaches to create brand awareness and popularity of their products. This happened to be really tedious method on the part of those organizations. However, recently the techniques of marketing and branding have been replaced by latest approaches like that of social media. Organizations make effort in creating social accounts and websites whereby their corporate profile plays the major role in delivering essential information about the company to their customers and attract more and more customers towards their brands (McBride). Hence, it is justified that social media has been increasingly contributing towards innovation o f marketing and branding approaches. The concept of social media has been changing our traditional working lives, thereby providing employers as well as employees with increased flexibilities and also the capability of responding quickly and often in real time. Marketers have least control over positioning as well as messaging since customers provide most of the content by themselves. Social networking medium happens to be a viable region for firms for conducting market campaigns, management of customer relationship, and also to impact own branding efforts through eWOM (Mubarak). Problem Resolution Another benefit of social media is that of solving of various problems and issues within organizational environment. Lot of tasks became easier to be delivered by these multinational organizations. Information about products or services was previously delivered to customers with lot of effort and troubles. But recently with the evolution of social media, things and activities have become much more convenient and favorable for multinational corporations. All relevant information about brands, products, and services are readily available on the social sites and websites of these corporations (Oluikpe, Sohail and Odhiambo). This provides the feasibility of access of such information in the most effective form. Besides, social media solves several problems that were previously faced by customers in acquiring of company products or services. It is considered to be the most essential and important requisite for any organization that aims to sustainably flourish in the competitive environme nt. However, this concept of communication depends greatly upon the shared language which is a prerequisite and may not be existent within several international business or political situations(Beier and Wagner). In the business environment, we can witness the benefits of social networking from businesses such as IKEA, Starbucks, etc. IKEA had launched the social catalogue that is used for raising awareness with almost null media budget. It focused upon the human being desire to receive free stuff as well as achieve enormous amount of customer relations. Besides, Starbucks possesses Starbucks Mayor Offer upon the Foursquare application. With the help of this, the corporation has successfully achieved popularity with increased revenue. This reflects the fact that creativity pays off within campaigns of social media marketing. The concept of social media has undoubtedly contributed towards multinational market strategies of the current century along with unique approaches in acquiring increased information regarding organizational products as well as enhancing sales as well as revenues (Phene and Tallman). Thus, it may be observed further that social media plays important role in building of re lationship management with customers. It has actually changed the traditional customer relationship management to a more holistic nature. The social network sites have led the corporations in promoting as well as growing brand by means of social media techniques such as Facebook, Twitter, and Linkdin. Risks of Social Media: As social media networking proves to be a boon for multinational corporations, the associated risks of such an approach cannot be overlooked either. As per research, several senior executives believe the existence of potential risks related to the utilization of social media. Several risks may be identified in considering use of social media. The exposures of social media are varied. A significant risk within media exposures is that of loss of effective control. Information of one corporation is transmitted towards social media website of a different company. The privacy or confidentiality of information can be breached unintentionally by posting on the wall of a companys website or social account (Picazo-Vela, Gutirrez-Martnez and Luna-Reyes). As the use of such social networking continues to develop, so also has the need to have effective anti-fraud training. It has become critically important for organizational management as well as employees to know the correct usage of social me dia, the ways to identify as well as respond towards fraud activities, and ways to address related legal issues about social media(Fang and Su). In the recent times, there has been emergence of another risk issue within the use of social media by the multinational corporations. This risk states about the growing challenge of lack of confidentiality and authenticity over the virtual presence of business firms. Most of the multinational corporations are not fully relied upon by their customers over their virtual presence. This is mainly due to the fraudulent activities and cyber crimes that have been on the cards of business environment in the recent years(Reid and Weigle). It is considered to be the most essential and important requisite for any organization that aims to sustainably flourish in the competitive environment. However, this concept of communication depends greatly upon the shared language which is a prerequisite and may not be existent within several international busine ss or political situations. Though the utilization of online social networks techniques within the workplace is still not that widely accepted, yet it has been turning into an unavoidable part of business world. The concerns that organizational employees often possess regarding their organizational confidential information being leaked or even employees simply wasting time in the use of tools for social means recall about the misconception that arose when telephones were first introduced. People feared about the thing that people may call up and abuse one another (Sumanjeet). Yet, it is considered to be the most essential and important requisite for any organization that aims to sustainably flourish in the competitive environment. However, this concept of communication depends greatly upon the shared language which is a prerequisite and may not be existent within several international business or political situations. Conclusion: It may be concluded that social media has been a growing market that would continue to develop in the future years to come. On one hand where corporations have started establishing a potentially strong presence of social media, on the other hand the reality of such an approach is that Companies like Twitter, Facebook, and Linkedin is on a growing phase in the current situation. It is considered to be the most essential and important requisite for any organization that aims to sustainably flourish in the competitive environment. However, this concept of communication depends greatly upon the shared language which is a prerequisite and may not be existent within several international business or political situations (Hales, Davidson and Turner-McGrievy). Although several executives confirm about the involvement of risks, yet these are not well-defined actually. Governance structures for monitoring compliance as well as managing risk are quite nascent. As these risks of social networkin g media start receiving increased public attention, corporations can respond even more forcefully to such perceived risks(Yang). The concept of social media has undoubtedly contributed towards multinational market strategies of the current century along with unique approaches in acquiring increased information regarding organizational products as well as enhancing sales as well as revenues. Thus, it may be observed further that social media plays important role in building of relationship management with customers. It has actually changed the traditional customer relationship management to a more holistic nature. References Beier, Michael, and Kerstin Wagner. 'Individual And Corporate Decisions To Adopt Social Media: Perception Of Risks And Benefits In Small Firms'.SSRN Journaln. pag. Web. Cyr, Alaina. 'Social Media'.Oncology Times34 (2012): 1-3. Web. Fang, Shih Chieh, and Hwan Yann Su. 'Organisational Knowledge Creation: A Knowledge Market Efficiency Perspective'.IJKMS2.2 (2008): 214. Web. Gaff, Brian M. 'Corporate Risks From Social Media'.Computer47.1 (2014): 13-15. Web. Hales, Sarah B., Charis Davidson, and Gabrielle M. Turner-McGrievy. 'Varying Social Media Post Types Differentially Impacts Engagement In A Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention'.Behav. Med. Pract. Policy Res.4.4 (2014): 355-362. Web. 'ISACA Identifies Top Five Social Media Risks For Business'.Infosecurity7.4 (2010): 8. Web. Jennex, Murray E. 'Socio-Technical Knowledge Management'.International Journal of Knowledge Management4.4 (2008): 112-114. Web. Krreman, Dan. 'The Power Of Knowledge: Learning From Learning By Knowledge-Intensive Firm'.Journal of Management Studies(2010): n. pag. Web. Kohlbacher, Florian. 'Strategic Knowledge-Based Marketing'.IJKMS3.1/2 (2009): 154. Web. Li, Huaye, and Yasuaki Sakamoto. 'Social Impacts In Social Media: An Examination Of Perceived Truthfulness And Sharing Of Information'.Computers in Human Behavior41 (2014): 278-287. Web. Ligeti, Jacob Ruiter et al. 'News Media Coverage On The Risks And Benefits Of Home Births'.Obstetrics Gynecology123 (2014): 168S. Web. McBride, Deborah L. 'Risks And Benefits Of Social Media For Children And Adolescents'.Journal of Pediatric Nursing26.5 (2011): 498-499. Web. Mubarak, Afaf. 'Knowledge Management And Management Accounting Decisions- Experimental Study'.JOMS(2012): 1-14. Web. Olorunnisola, Anthony A., and Brandie L. Martin. 'Influences Of Media On Social Movements: Problematizing Hyperbolic Inferences About Impacts'.Telematics and Informatics30.3 (2013): 275-288. Web. Oluikpe, Paul, Muhammad Sohail, and Frank Odhiambo. 'Towards A Framework For Knowledge Management In Project Management'.IJKMS4.1 (2010): 18. Web. Phene, Anupama, and Stephen Tallman. 'Knowledge Spillovers And Alliance Formation'.Journal of Management Studies(2014): n/a-n/a. Web. Picazo-Vela, Sergio, Isis Gutirrez-Martnez, and Luis Felipe Luna-Reyes. 'Understanding Risks, Benefits, And Strategic Alternatives Of Social Media Applications In The Public Sector'.Government Information Quarterly29.4 (2012): 504-511. Web. Reid, Dana, and Paul Weigle. 'Social Media Use Among Adolescents: Benefits And Risks'.APS4.2 (2014): 73-80. Web. Sumanjeet,. 'Knowledge Management: Generating Business Value Through Knowledge'.Management and Labour Studies30.2 (2005): 173-181. Web. Wang, Xia, Chunling Yu, and Yujie Wei. 'Social Media Peer Communication And Impacts On Purchase Intentions: A Consumer Socialization Framework'.Journal of Interactive Marketing26.4 (2012): 198-208. Web. Yang, Jen Te. 'Job Related Knowledge Sharing: Comparative Case Studies'.Journal of Knowledge Management8.3 (2004): 118-126. Web.

Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Example For Students

Inspire For Sleep Apnea Cause And Effect Essay Causes, Health Affects, and Treatment of Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea is involved with the respiratory and central nervous systems. The respiratory system allows a person to breathe in oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide (Deepak 116). After entering the mouth or the nose, oxygen travels into the pharynx, the larynx, and then the trachea. The trachea splits into two branches which then split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Hair-like projections called cilia cover the bronchioles and protect them from foreign particles. From the bronchioles, air enters tiny air sacs called alveoli, each of which is surrounded by capillaries containing the blood that gathers oxygen to be transported throughout the body and releases carbon dioxide so that it can be exhaled. Contractions of the diaphragm cause the lungs to be inflated and deflated. According to Janet Fricker, sleep apnea is ?the periodic reduction or cessation of breathing caused by temporary oropharyngeal collapse during sleep?; in other words, it occurs when a person literally stops breathing while asleep (Fricker 122). There are two main processes that produce sleep apnea. The first, known as central sleep apnea, involves the level of brain activity during sleep. The nighttime failure of the part of the brain that controls breathing, located in the brain stem, results in unmonitored oxygen Sumner 2levels during sleep. When oxygen levels become too low and carbon dioxide levels become too high, stimulation becomes strong enough to temporarily awaken the brain to do its job. The brain triggers a snorting or sucking of air in order to restore the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The episodes recur as the brain returns to its sleep state (Coren 147-48). The second form of sleep apnea, known as obstructive sleep apnea, is characterized by a severe relaxation of the tongue, throat, and pharynx.(Deepak 116). The severe relaxation of the tongue causes it to cover the opening to the trachea, stopping the flow of oxygen into the lungs. After ten to ninety seconds of an apnea respiratory centers alert the brain of its oxygen-deprived state, causing the repeated sleep/wake cycle of the sufferer (Fricker 122). Sleep Apnea affects about 4 percent of middle-aged men and 2 percent of middle-aged women (Walling 851). Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, gasping, and choking. It causes breathing problems that cause a person to cough and gasp as many as several hundred times a night (Pressman 65). Because a build up of fatty tissues in the mouth tends to flow over the opening of the trachea, it is most common in middle aged, overweight males (Coren 148). About sixty percent of sufferers are overweight. However, it is not actual poundage b ut the thickness of the neck that affects breathing. Men often develop thicker throat tissues and gather more fat in their abdomen, neck, and shoulders than women. Men with a neck circumference of seventeen inches or more and women with that of sixteen inches or more are most likely to have sleep apnea, as well as Sumner 3those with a double chin or a lot of excess fat around the waist. Sleep apnea will worsen with age as throat tissues become looser and people gain weight.(Barone 81). Many side affects can occur due to sleep apnea. Sufferers can awaken to headaches, irritability, difficulty in remembering, and problems with concentration (Barone 81). More serious problems can occur, such as drowsiness in the daytime, oxygen scarcity, and respiratory arrest while struggling to breathe during sleep. Because there is less oxygen going to the heart, it has to work harder; adrenaline is released and blood pressure rises rapidly. Repeated bursts of nighttime blood pressure may cause hypertension during the day, leading to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart rhythm disturbances (Barone 82). Diagnosing sleep apnea has become common only in recent years, since the disorder was not officially defined until 1965. Snoring, daytime fatigue, and a short attention span can be clues for diagnosis. If these symptoms persist for a prolonged period of time it may become necessary to be placed under the care of a pulmonary specialist, or an ear, nose, and throat doctor. Diagnosis is made possible by examinations of the nose, throat, and jaw. It is also helpful for a sufferers mate to answer questions about snoring and sleep habits. The best way to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the severity of the disorder is a polysomnography exam, usually involving an overnight stay in a sleep clinic. There specialists are able to monitor blood oxygen levels, heart rate, body temperature, brain waves, and the number of times breathing stops. The sleep apnea rate, or the number of apneatic episodes per hour of sleep, determines the severity of the disorder. Rates of fifteen or fewer indicate only mild sleep apnea, Sumner 4may not even be considered clinically significant. Rates of fifteen to thirty indicates moderate sleep apnea, and rates of thirty or more disturbances per hour indicate severe sleep apnea (Pressman 204). While effective for determining treatment, polysomnography can cost approximately two thousand dollars, but is usually covered by ins urance. A second option is a home monitoring device, costing about half as much as lab observations but not usually covered by insurance (Barone 84). .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .postImageUrl , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:visited , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:active { border:0!important; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:active , .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19 .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34290a02762787276ed9309f5e6c1d19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Case for Microsoft EssayContinuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is the most commonly recommended treatment for sleep apnea. It was first described in 1981 by University of Sydney, Australia researcher Colin Sullivan (Fricker 122). CPAP stops snoring and allows the sufferer to breathe without colapsation of the throat (Stradling 201). It consists of an airflow generator, tubing, and a mask that goes over the nose. Air is supplied at slightly above atmospheric pressure, holding the airways open (Fricker 122). Many patients find CPAP masks to be uncomfortable, but without them would relapse into their pretreatment state within only twenty-four hours (Stradling 201). S tudies indicate reductions in daytime drowsiness and general health improvements as a result of CPAP, but have not shown improvements in morbidity, mortality, or quality of life (Walling 851). Along with CPAP treatment, personal health measures can be taken in order to help reduce the symptoms and risk of sleep apnea. Dr. Richard Millman of the Sleep Disorders Center at Rhode Island Hospital suggests avoiding alcohol and sleeping pills near bedtime because they slow breathing , laying on one side while sleeping, and using Sumner 5nasal strips while suffering from congestion (Barone 84). Smoking is also a major contributor to sleep apnea because it can swell the throat tissues and worsen the already low oxygen levels that accompany it. Since being overweight is a leading cause of sleep apnea as well as many other health problems, it is a good idea to be as physically fit as possible. Even a ten percent weight loss can affect the number of apneatic episodes that occur each night (Baro ne 84). Though CPAP is the most commonly recommended and utilized treatment of sleep apnea, there are other options. Oral devices similar to a retainer can be used to reposition the tongue and jaw. These are effective because moving the jaw forward also pulls the tongue forward, reducing obstruction of the trachea. However, these devices can be expensive and may not be covered by insurance. Surgery is a last resort option. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, or UPPP (UP3 ) widens the airway by reducing the size of the uvula, the soft palate, or both. UP3 has only a fifty percent success rate, is very expensive, and involves a painful recovery. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, or LAUP, utilizes lasers to remove excess throat tissue. It is less expensive and painful than UP3, but it may require several treatments (Barone 84). Sleep apnea does not have to control a sufferers life. It is important to realize that the affects of sleep apnea on a persons respiratory system can be devastating. Being able to identify the causes, health effects, and treatment of sleep apnea can help to prevent problems before they arise. The constant drowsiness, headaches, and incessantly loud snoring affect work habits, overall health, and even cause problems between married Sumner 6couples who cannot sleep in the same bed together due to snoring. Because some people may not even realize that they are suffering from obstructive sleep apnea, it is important to be aware of the symptoms and steps necessary to confront the problem. Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and excessive weight gain are valuable factors for prevention, as well as basic principles of good health. Psychologists study sleep disorders such as sleep apnea in order to understand their effect on sleep as a state of consciousness. Consciousness is defined as a state of aw areness. Going to sleep does not mean that a awareness ceases; instead, sleep changes the type of consciousness that is experienced. Sleep is also necessary to maintain a balance of the bodys functions and to allow the body to rest and restore itself. Prolonged periods of sleep deprivation for any reason result in fatigue, irritability, and inefficiency throughout the day. Being able to identify and treat sleep apnea and other sleep disorders provides more restful and fulfilling sleep, allowing for a productive and satisfying lifestyle. .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .postImageUrl , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:visited , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:active { border:0!important; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:active , .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579 .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad6cd747ee86a21b3c11ad3412faa579:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solutions For Social Security EssayHealth and Beauty Essays